Budeme jezdit na čpavek? V Japonsku zkoumají alternativu k fosilním palivům
Využití amoniaku jako paliva není nový nápad, japonská univerzita se však zabývá jeho spalováním v moderních motorech. Zjistila, jak ho správně rozvířit, a výzkum dále probíhá.
O spalování syntetických paliv či třeba vodíku je řeč v poslední době relativně často, ovšem je ještě jedna možnost, na co mohou motory běžet – na amoniak. Už v loňském červenci čínský GAC ohlásil, že spolu s Toyotou úspěšně otestoval spalování čpavku v motoru. Nyní tokijská Univerzita Sophia ohlásila, že dokázala přimět čpavek efektivně hořet ve spalovací komoře.
Amoniak, plyn s chemickým vzorcem NH3, neobsahuje uhlík, a tedy jeho spalování neprodukuje uhlíkaté emise. Je hořlavý, ale není snadné ho zapálit. Aby to bylo možné, univerzita se zaměřila na zlepšení víření v sacím traktu, aby bylo spalování efektivnější.
Víří-li směs vzduchu s čpavkem v sání a při nasávání do spalovací komory správným způsobem k tomu, aby byla homogenní, zlepšuje to zapalování a snižuje emise díky lepšímu spálení celého obsahu válce.
Zda se správně povedlo nastavit víření směsi, univerzita zkoumala pomocí tzv. optického jednoválcového motoru, do nějž se dívala vysokorychlostní kamera zrcátkem zespoda skrz skleněný píst ve skleněném válci. Aby byl pohyb směsi ve válci lépe viditelný, byla do sání přidána trocha mikroskopických částic oxidu křemičitého.
Výzkumníci zjistili, že určitý druh spirálovitého sacího kanálu způsobil ve spalovací komoře to správné víření pro efektivní a co nejčistší spalování. Následovat budou pokusy na téma spalování čistého čpavku a čpavku smíchaného s benzínem.
Ovšem, že bychom na benzinkách během pár měsíců začali běžně vídat nové stojany s amoniakem, je nepravděpodobné. Jeho spalné teplo je 22,5 MJ/kg, tedy zhruba polovina oproti motorové naftě, a jeho výhřevnost je ještě o něco menší. Navíc, i když se vyskytuje i v přírodě, běžně se průmyslově vyrábí syntézou vodíku s dusíkem.
Nápad použít čpavek jako palivo není nový. V 19. století probíhaly experimenty se čpavkovými motory v lokomotivách, kde se však přímo nespaloval, a za druhé světové války na něj v Belgii jezdily autobusy.
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